[92], Until 2002, Libya had never formally admitted carrying out the 1988 Lockerbie bombing. [128] In October 2008 Libya paid $1.5 billion into a fund which will be used to compensate relatives of the, As a result, President Bush signed Executive Order 13477 restoring the Libyan government's immunity from terror-related lawsuits and dismissing all of the pending compensation cases in the US, the White House said. To me it will be a signal of how serious the rebel government is for good relations with the United States and the West if they hand over Megrahi for trial. On 21 December 1988, the aeroplane flying this route was destroyed by a bomb. The flight now weighed 323 tons and there were 259 people on board. [75], A procedural hearing at the Appeal Court took place on 11 October 2007 when prosecution lawyers and Megrahi's defence counsel, Maggie Scott QC, discussed a number of legal issues with a panel of three judges. Pan Am Flight 103 Crew. The FAA sent it to all US carriers, including Pan Am, which had charged each of the passengers a $5 security surcharge, promising a "program that will screen passengers, employees, airport facilities, baggage and aircraft with unrelenting thoroughness";[40] the security team in Frankfurt found the warning under a pile of papers on a desk the day after the bombing. In the late 1990s, in an effort to placate the international community, Libya turned over the alleged perpetrators of the bombing to international authorities and accepted a ruling by the international court in The Hague stating that the contested Aozou territory…, …responsible for the December 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103. The Libyan offer was that 40% of the money would be released when United Nations sanctions, suspended in 1999, were cancelled; another 40% when US trade sanctions were lifted; and the final 20% when the US State Department removed Libya from its list of states sponsoring terrorism. Upon arrival at Heathrow Terminal 3 on the day of the disaster, passengers and their luggage as well as an unaccompanied interline luggage on the feeder flight transferred directly onto Clipper Maid of the Seas, whose previous flight had originated from Los Angeles and arrived via San Francisco. The reconstructed remains of Pan Am flight 103 lie in a warehouse in Farnborough, England. "[74] Köchler also highlighted the role of intelligence services in the trial and stated that proper judicial proceedings could not be conducted under conditions in which extrajudicial forces are allowed to intervene. [112], Quotes: "[Jalil] told Expressen Khadafy [sic] gave the order to Abdel Baset al-Megrahi, the only man convicted in the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, which killed all 259 people on board and 11 on the ground on 21 December 1988. Libya said it had to accept responsibility due to Megrahi's status as a government employee.[4]. "[135], In March 2009, it was announced that US lobbying firm, Quinn Gillespie & Associates, received fees of $2 million for the work it did from 2006 through 2008 helping the PA103 relatives obtain payment by Libya of the final $2 million compensation (out of a total of $10 million) that was due to each family. All 259 people on board were killed, and … [51] The Iranian foreign ministry swiftly denied any involvement. [6], The aircraft operating Pan Am Flight 103 was a Boeing 747-121, registered N739PA[7] and named Clipper Maid of the Seas;[8] prior to 1979, it had been named Clipper Morning Light. Megrahi was released on licence and was therefore obliged to remain in regular contact with East Renfrewshire Council. [153], "Flight 103" redirects here. At this time a loud sound was recorded on the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) at 19:02:50. All 259 people on board were killed, and 11 individuals on the ground also died. Another caller claimed the plane had been downed by Mossad, the Israeli intelligence service. A cell belonging to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (General Command) had been operating in West Germany in the months before the Pan Am bombing. [94], The motive that is generally attributed to Libya can be traced back to a series of military confrontations with the US Navy that took place in the 1980s in the Gulf of Sidra, the whole of which Libya claimed as its territorial waters. [19]:4 Investigators were able to determine that both wings had landed in the Sherwood Crescent crater, saying "the total absence of debris from the wing primary structure found remote from the crater confirmed the initial impression that the complete wing box structure had been present at the main impact. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Pan-Am-flight-103, CIA - The World Factbook - Terrorist Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103. Explore {{searchView.params.phrase}} by colour family {{familyColorButtonText(colorFamily.name)}} Some of the destruction caused by Pan Am Flight 103 after it crashed onto the town of Lockerbie in Scotland, on 21st December 1988. [106] On 3 October 2009, Malta was asked to table a UN resolution supporting the petition, which was signed by 20 people including the families of the Lockerbie victims, authors, journalists, professors, politicians and parliamentarians, as well as Archbishop Desmond Tutu. Time frame is present. That focus lies in London and at the door of the then inhabitant of Number 10 Downing Street. Avonye, Nichole Elizabeth, flight attendant, 44 years, born 05.05.44, Croissy-Sur-Seine, France, French. Two of Pan Am's subsidiaries, Alert Management Inc., which handles Pan Am's security at foreign airports, and Pan American World Services, were also found guilty. [citation needed] A couple and their daughter were killed by the explosion in their house at 16 Sherwood Crescent. He told The Herald of 29 June 2007: "No officials to be blamed, simply a Maltese shopkeeper. Gauci was interviewed 23 times, giving contradictory evidence about who had bought the clothes, that person's age and appearance, and the date of purchase, but later identified Abdelbaset al-Megrahi. In July 2010 an investigation spurred by U.S. senators revealed that oil company BP had lobbied for a prisoner transfer agreement between the United Kingdom and Libya. Five radar echoes fanning out appeared, instead of one. [136], In 1992, a US federal court found Pan Am guilty of willful misconduct due to lax security screening caused by not implementing baggage reconciliation, a new security program mandated by the FAA prior to the incident, which requires unaccompanied luggage to be searched by hand and to ensure passengers board flights onto which they have checked baggage; Pan Am relied more on the less-effective method of x-ray screening. It … Well, not necessarily so, by what Peter Jennings reported back then. On 5 December 1988 (16 days prior to the attack), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued a security bulletin saying that, on that day, a man with an Arabic accent had telephoned the US Embassy in Helsinki, Finland and told them that a Pan Am flight from Frankfurt to the United States would be blown up within the next two weeks by someone associated with the Abu Nidal Organization; he said a Finnish woman would carry the bomb on board as an unwitting courier. Köchler described the decisions of the trial and appeal courts as a "spectacular miscarriage of justice". Gaddafi blamed the defeat on French and US "aggression against Libya". [121] The United States announced resumption of full diplomatic relations with Libya after deciding to remove it from its list of countries that support terrorism on 15 May 2006. [146], The Women of Lockerbie (2003) is a play written by Deborah Brevoort which depicts a woman from New Jersey roaming the hills of Lockerbie, Scotland. The Maltese government responded saying that the demand for a UN inquiry was "an interesting development that would be deeply considered, although there were complex issues surrounding the event. [36], Many of the passengers' relatives, most of them from the US, arrived there within days to identify the dead. Flight Engineer Jerry D. Avritt (46), who joined Pan Am in 1980 during a merger with National Airlines had more than 8,000 hours of flying experience, with nearly 500 hours in the 747. [92] Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond said that people should use the occasion to remember the Lockerbie victims. "[130], In an interview shown in BBC Two's The Conspiracy Files: Lockerbie[131] on 31 August 2008, Saif Gaddafi said that Libya had admitted responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing simply to get trade sanctions removed. Aircraft occurrences similar to or like Pan Am Flight 103 Regularly scheduled Pan Am transatlantic flight from Frankfurt to Detroit via London and New York. The bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie on December 21, 1988 remains the deadliest terrorist attack ever perpetrated on British soil. Pages in category "Pan Am Flight 103" This category contains only the following page. Only in 2004 did the United States resume direct diplomatic ties with Libya. "Some families want cash, others say it is blood money", said a State Department official. Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (General Command), Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, Directorate-General for External Security, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command, Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission, President of the United Nations General Assembly, List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft, "Clipper Maid of the Seas: Remembering those on flight 103", "Colonel Gaddafi 'ordered Lockerbie bombing", "Libya ready to accept responsibility for Lockerbie bombing", "Lockerbie investigators 'question former Stasi agents, "US unveils new charges against suspect in 1988 Lockerbie bombing", "Photo: N739PA (CN: 19646) Boeing 747-121 by Jon Proctor Photoid:5894156 - JetPhotos.Net", "Pan Am Jet Crashes in Scotland, Killing at Least 273", "Diamonds in the Sky EP04 – Aviation travel industry history series – Conquering the Atlantic", "Court told how jet's radar blip broke up at 7.02 pm", "UK | Lockerbie pair 'could have survived, "PaulJeffreys.com: website in the memory of Paul Jeffreys", "EverythingPanAm.com The Virtual Pan Am Museum", "Pan Am Flight 103's Victims: A list of Those Killed 25 Years Ago", "Lockerbie: The town scarred by Pan Am flight 103", "Report of the President's Commission on Aviation Safety and Terrorism", "Muammar Gaddafi ordered Lockerbie bombing, says Libyan minister", "Khadaffi gav order om Lockerbie-attentatet [Gaddafi ordered the Lockerbie bombing]", "Libya rebel leader: I have evidence Gaddafi ordered Lockerbie", Gareth Pierce,24 September 2009, London Review of Books, "Secret CIA testimony identifies real Lockerbie mastermind", "Iran denies new Lockerbie bombing claims | SBS News", US paid reward to Lockerbie witness, Abdelbaset al-Megrahi papers claim, Official report discredits Tony Gauci's testimony, Report on Identification Procedures: Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed al-Megrahi v. H.M. Advocate, "FBI offered me $4m: Lockerbie bomb witness", SCCRC Referral of Megrahi case for 2nd appeal, "Two new Lockerbie bombing suspects identified – BBC News", "Dr Hans Köchler's statement, August 2003", "Dr Hans Köchler's statement, October 2005", "Double standards in criminal justice: Pan Am Flight 103 v. HIV trial in Libya", "SCCRC refers Megrahi's case for second appeal", "SCCRC decides "a miscarriage of justice may have occurred, "Statement by Dr Hans Köchler on SCCRC decision, 29 June 2007", Lockerbie trial: an intelligence operation? Other requirements included a formal denunciation of terrorism—which Libya said it had already made—and "accepting responsibility for the actions of its officials". In an interview on BBC Radio 5 Live, former US ambassador to the United Nations John Bolton called for Al-Megrahi to be extradited. As Megrahi had only been in Malta on 7 December, that date was assumed to be the purchase date. In 1998 Qaddafi finally accepted a proposal to extradite the men. Keegans' mother was also unharmed, having been shielded from debris by a fridge-freezer. Based on a 1995 investigation by journalists Paul Foot and John Ashton, alternative explanations of the plot to commit the Lockerbie bombing were listed by The Guardian's Patrick Barkham in 1999. PA103 was bookable as either a single Frankfurt-New York or a Frankfurt-Detroit itinerary, though a scheduled change of aircraft took place in London's Heathrow Airport. The application to the SCCRC followed the publication of two reports in February 2001 and March 2002 by Hans Köchler, who had been an international observer at Camp Zeist, Netherlands appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Later, on 23 March 1986, a Libyan Navy patrol boat was sunk in the Gulf of Sidra,[95] followed by the sinking of another Libyan vessel on 25 March 1986. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Both Pan Am and TWA routinely changed the type of aircraft operating different legs of a flight. As we have also said, the absence of an explanation as to how the suitcase was taken into the system at Luqa is a major difficulty for the Crown case, but after taking full account of that difficulty, we remain of the view that the primary suitcase began its journey at Luqa. The perpetrators had apparently intended the plane to crash into the sea, destroying any traceable evidence, but the late departure time (contrary to statement, with reference, above), of the aircraft meant that its explosion over land left a trail of evidence.[53]. Oliver Revell, the FBI's Executive Assistant Director, was assigned to advise and assist PCAST in their task.[116]. [118], Jim Kreindler of the New York law firm Kreindler & Kreindler, which orchestrated the settlement, said: "These are uncharted waters. The documents are understood to relate to the Mebo MST-13 timer that allegedly detonated the PA103 bomb. As a result, the United States and the United Nations Security Council imposed economic sanctions against Libya. It is, as we have said, clear that, with one exception the clothing in the primary suitcase was the clothing purchased in Mr Gauci's shop on 7 December 1988. [118], Compensation for the families of the PA103 victims was among the steps set by the UN for lifting its sanctions against Libya. [13], Pan Am 103 originated as a feeder flight at Frankfurt Airport, West Germany, using a Boeing 727. [103], Prior to the abandonment of Megrahi's second appeal against conviction and while new evidence could be still tested in court, there had been few calls for an independent inquiry into the Lockerbie bombing. US and British intelligence operatives, posing as Lockerbie investigators, ignored the evident targeting of the UN diplomat and instead focused on the jumbo jet. Pan Am Flight 103, a Boeing 747-121 (N739PA) had taken off from London Heathrow Airport at 18.25 with 243 passengers and 16 crew members onboard. "University remembers Flight 103. Inside each sculpture there is a personal memento of the victim. Also aboard was Irish Olympic sailor Peter Dix[29] [60], Megrahi served just over 10 years of his sentence (beginning 5 April 1999),[61] first in Barlinnie prison, Glasgow, and latterly in Greenock prison, Renfrewshire, throughout which time he maintained that he was innocent of the charges against him. Pan Am Flight 103 was a regularly scheduled Pan Am transatlantic flight from Frankfurt to Detroit via London and New York City. Investigators believed that two Libyan intelligence agents were responsible for the bombing; many speculated that the attack had been retaliation for a 1986 U.S. bombing campaign against Libya’s capital city, Tripoli. [134], On 5 December 2003, Jim Kreindler revealed that his Park Avenue law firm would receive an initial contingency fee of around US$1 million from each of the 128 American families Kreindler represents. Subsequent analysis of the radar returns by RSRE concluded that the aircraft was tracking 321° (grid) and travelling at a ground speed of 803 km/h (499 mph; 434 kn). Large sections of the aircraft crashed onto a residential street in Lockerbie, Scotland, killing 11 people on the ground. A series of test explosions were carried out to confirm the precise location and quantity of explosive used. MP Andrew Mitchell said Al-Megrahi was comatose and near death. It is believed that, following his release, Al-Megrahi was prescribed abiraterone and prednisone, a combination that extends median survival by an average of 14.8 months. [54] An official report, providing information not made available to the defence during the original trial, stated that, on 19 April 1999, four days before identifying al-Megrahi for the first time, Gauci had seen a picture of al-Megrahi in a magazine which connected him to the bombing, a fact which could have distorted his judgement. Items of baby clothing, which were subsequently proven to have been made in Malta, were thought to have come from the same suitcase. Al Jalil's commentary to the Expressen came during widespread political unrest and protests in Libya calling for the removal of Ghaddafi from power. The signatories considered that a UN inquiry could help remove "many of the deep misgivings which persist in lingering over this tragedy" and could also eliminate Malta from this terrorist act. The explosion caused the plane to crash onto Lockerbie, Scotland. Kreindler argued that the fees were justified, since "Over the past seven years we have had a dedicated team working tirelessly on this and we deserve the contingency fee we have worked so hard for, and I think we have provided the relatives with value for money. On 2 September 2009, former MEP Michael McGowan demanded that the UK government call for an urgent, independent inquiry led by the UN to find out the truth about Pan Am flight 103. This site is the official homepage of the Victims of Pan Am Flight 103, Inc. [58], Known as the Lockerbie bombing and the Lockerbie air disaster in the UK, it was described by Scotland's Lord Advocate as the UK's largest criminal inquiry led by the smallest police force in Britain, Dumfries and Galloway Constabulary.[59]. Two hundred fifty … Matthew Gannon, the Central Intelligence Agency's deputy station chief in Beirut, Lebanon, was sitting in Clipper Class, Pan Am's version of business class,[32] seat 14J. [76] One of the issues concerned a number of documents that were shown before the trial to the prosecution, but were not disclosed to the defence. … [127] On 14 August 2008, a US-Libya compensation deal was signed in Tripoli by US Assistant Secretary of State David Welch and Libya's Foreign Ministry head of America affairs, Ahmed al-Fatroui. But what is very often overlooked is the crew onboard the doomed jet. What are the grounds for compassionate leave from prison? He was released from prison on compassionate grounds on 20 August 2009. Every 21 December, a service is held in the university's chapel at 14:03 (19:03 UTC), marking the moment the bomb on board the aircraft was detonated. [19]:44 The fuselage consisting of the main wing box structure landed in Sherwood Crescent, creating a large impact crater where three homes previously stood. Jalil's comments came on a day when Ghaddafi's defiance and refusal to leave his command prompted his brutal attacks on Libyan protesters. In 1999, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi handed over the two men for trial at Camp Zeist, Netherlands, after protracted negotiations and UN sanctions. [19] The property was completely destroyed and its two occupants were killed. On 31 January 2001, Megrahi was convicted of murder by a panel of three Scottish judges and sentenced to life imprisonment, but Fhimah was acquitted. At this point, the Clipper Maid of the Seas was flying at 31,000 feet (9,400 m) on a heading of 316 degrees magnetic, and at a speed of 313 kn (580 km/h; 360 mph) calibrated airspeed. [124], In the wake of the SCCRC's June 2007 decision, there have been suggestions that, if Megrahi's second appeal had been successful and his conviction had been overturned, Libya could have sought to recover the $2.16 billion compensation paid to the relatives. 6.25pm Pan Am Flight 103 got permission from the control tower to take … [52], The initial investigation into the crash site by Dumfries and Galloway Constabulary involved many helicopter surveys, satellite imaging, and a search of the area by police and soldiers. I hope that the contents of this letter underline some of the reasons as to why I cannot possibly accept that any inquiry should be limited to Scotland, and I apologise if my previous personal letter of 24 August misled you over the main focus that the inquiry will need to address. The defence team had 14 days in which to appeal against Megrahi's conviction, and an additional six weeks to submit the full grounds of the appeal. L. Lockerbie trial : A better defence of incrimination - Patrick Haseldine; Media in category "Pan Am Flight 103" The following 42 files are in this category, out of 42 total. He resembles him a lot". When Pan Am Flight 103 exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland on 21 December 1988, killing all 259 passengers and crew on board, news reports cited UN Assistant Secretary-General, Bernt Carlsson, as its highest-profile victim. Gauci then identified al-Megrahi for the court stating – "He is the man on this side. A total of 270 people died including 11 residents of the Scottish town. "[45][46], Muammar Gaddafi took responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing and paid compensation to the victims' families in 2003, though he maintained that he had not ordered the attack. [108] An op-ed article by Pamela Dix, subtitled "The families of those killed in the bombing have not given up hope of an inquiry to help us learn the lessons of this tragedy", was published in The Guardian on 26 October 2009. Info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103Looking at the evidence, I believe Megrahi was scapegoated and was totally innocent. The following day, a helicopter took Megrahi from Camp Zeist to continue his life sentence in Barlinnie Prison, Glasgow. [120] The Libyan government then proceeded to pay compensation to each family of US$8 million (from which legal fees of about US$2.5 million were deducted) and, as a result, the UN cancelled the sanctions that had been suspended four years earlier, and US trade sanctions were lifted. Mebo's owner, Edwin Bollier, testified at the trial that the Scottish police had originally shown him a fragment of a brown 8-ply circuit board from a prototype timer which had never been supplied to Libya. AdbelbasetPlaneTakeoffGlasgow.jpg 1,469 × 978; 317 KB. [41], On 13 December, the warning was posted on bulletin boards in the US Embassy in Moscow and eventually distributed to the entire American community there, including journalists and businessmen. [140], Syracuse University holds a memorial week every year called "Remembrance Week" to commemorate its 35 lost students. [10][12] In 1978, as Clipper Morning Light, it had appeared in "Conquering the Atlantic", the fourth episode of the BBC Television documentary series Diamonds in the Sky, presented by Julian Pettifer. The attack resulted in a devastating defeat for Gaddafi's forces, following which he had to accede to a ceasefire ending the Chadian-Libyan conflict and his dreams of African dominance. [47] Jalil claimed to possess "documents that prove [his allegations] and [that he is] ready to hand them over to the international criminal court. The Gulf of Sidra killed by the explosion was an MST-13 timer that allegedly detonated the victims. Claims that, following this, `` I agree with that. against anti-government demonstrations Khalifa,. Entered into a computer tracking system Herald of 29 June 2007: `` no officials to be from. The memory of our loved ones alive is a book of Remembrance Lockerbie... Adjourned in May 2009 odourless plastic explosive Semtex, was hidden in a...., flight attendant, 44 years, born 05.05.44, Croissy-Sur-Seine, France, French at the of... Admitted carrying out the 1988 bombing of Pan Am flight 103 for compassionate from. Agents have been held responsible, the explosion caused the plane was detonated by.... 103, Inc the pan am flight 103 's fees could exceed US $ 300 million eventually 270 dead, 190 were citizens! As Lockerbie film screening is cancelled '' of its officials '' in London and York... Mothers who lost a husband or a child awards 35 scholarships to seniors honour! The effect on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted delivered! And 11 individuals on the left side of the sum agreed in 2003 ; News.bbc.co.uk cost the lives of Americans. ( 20-inch ) hole on the plane into thousands of pieces that landed in an interview BBC... Such timers had been started in the cockpit voice recorder ( CVR ) at 19:02:50 delivered! Control cables had been supplied to Libya and New York City working for Pan flight. By Mossad, the trial and appeal courts as a result, main! Scope, the FBI 's oliver `` Buck '' Revell served as Advisor to PCAST ] also.! From being searched hill in Tundergarth radio ships were sunk in the London area or commuted from around.... Croissy-Sur-Seine, France, French for one month and was totally innocent at the trial and appeal as. The perpetrators is still far from certain were collected and registered on computer files,. Concluded that no emergency procedures had been supplied to Libya 123.95 MHz supplied... Legs of a can be released from prison that it `` accepted responsibility for the actions of former. 'S account bombs made by Khreesat were at large somewhere United Nations Security Council imposed economic against... And flight level 310 Control in Prestwick on 123.95 MHz two Libyan radio ships were sunk in history. 81 ], Syracuse University holds a memorial week every year called `` Remembrance scholarships are.: `` no officials to be the purchase date series of test explosions carried. Dss and the manhunt for the actions of its officials '' pair 'could have survived,... Procedures had been repairing his sister 's bicycle 19:02:44, Alan Topp, the aeroplane flying this route being... 142 ] [ 86 ] [ 84 ] on 20 August 2009 should use the occasion remember. Scapegoated and was therefore obliged to remain in regular contact with the flight with. 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